Endocrine Disrupting chemicals

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Endocrine Disruptors

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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Epigenetics

Epigenetic abnormalities, such as aberrant methylation of CpG islands, are inherited over cell

divisions, and play important roles in carcinogenesis. Aberrant methylation ofCpGislands specific

to tumor cells can be used as a marker to detect cancer cells or cancer-derived DNA, taking

advantage of the high sensitivity of methods to detect aberrant methylation. Methylations of

specific genes or methylation patterns of groups of genes were found to be associated with

responses to chemotherapeutics and prognosis. Methylation in non-cancerous tissues is now

attracting attention as a tumor risk marker, and is emerging as a target for cancer prevention.

Epigenetic alterations are potentially reversible. The use ofDNAdemethylating agents has turned

out to be effective for hematological malignancies, and is being tested in solid tumors. Histone

deacetylase inhibitors and methods for gene-specific epigenetic modification are being

developed. Application of epigenetics to cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, and possibly to

cancer prevention, is coming into clinics.

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Epigenetics in cancer

Epigenetic mechanisms are essential for normal development and

maintenance of tissue-specific gene expression patterns in mammals.

Disruption of epigenetic processes can lead to altered gene

function and malignant cellular transformation. Global changes

in the epigenetic landscape are a hallmark of cancer. The initiation

and progression of cancer, traditionally seen as a genetic

disease, is now realized to involve epigenetic abnormalities along

with genetic alterations. Recent advancements in the rapidly

evolving field of cancer epigenetics have shown extensive reprogramming

of every component of the epigenetic machinery in

cancer including DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome

positioning and non-coding RNAs, specifically microRNA

expression. The reversible nature of epigenetic aberrations has

led to the emergence of the promising field of epigenetic therapy,

which is already making progress with the recent FDA approval

of three epigenetic drugs for cancer treatment. In this review, we

discuss the current understanding of alterations in the epigenetic

landscape that occur in cancer compared with normal cells, the

roles of these changes in cancer initiation and progression, including

the cancer stem cell model, and the potential use of this knowledge

in designing more effective treatment strategies.

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CME on head and neck cancer at JIPMER

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High grade Glioma RPA

Recursive partition analysis for High grade glioma's ans survival

Gonadal effects of irradiation-Males

The testes are directly irradiated in the treatment of leukaemic relapse, tumours of the

lower pelvis and carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the testis. The germinal epithelium is highly sensitive

to irradiation and unlike most tissues is not spared by fractionation. The threshold dose for

effect is low, and with increasing dose there is a rapid increase in damage. The degree of risk will

be dose- and technique-dependent.

Transient suppression with subsequent recovery of spermatogenesis occurs with doses as

low as 0.5 Gy. Following 2–3 Gy there is a period of azoospermia after which full recovery is

expected within three years; at doses of 4–6 Gy recovery is not universal and may take up to five years; after 6 Gy there is a high risk of permanent sterility. Total body irradiation (TBI) with high-dose chemotherapy will sterilise men.

The Leydig cell is more resistant to irradiation. Nevertheless, a dose of irradiation in excess

of 15 Gy may be sufficient to affect Leydig cell function and production of testosterone, and a

dose of 24 Gy will irreversibly damage the Leydig cells in prepubertal boys.

When directly in the irradiation field the testes cannot be protected. The dose from

scattered irradiation from nearby beams can, however, be reduced by moving the gonad away

from the beam and, in some circumstances, by applying thick shielding cups directly over the

scrotum. Displacement of the scrotum away from lateral pelvic and proximal thigh fields with

taping during radiotherapy may be the most effective means available.

The beneficial effect of specific testicular shielding in reducing the dose from scattered

irradiation has been debated and depends on the position and nature of the radiation field.

Irradiation to the pelvic lymph node areas, as in the treatment of testicular tumours or lymphoma, results in a scattered dose to the testis of 1.5–3 Gy. In this situation, testicular shielding may be used and the dose reduced to the order of 0.5–0.8 Gy.11,12 Shielding placed directly on and around the scrotum is required and needs to be of a thickness to reduce an incident dose to 5% or less. The practical difficulties of this are considerable and the shield may impede the more effective measure of displacing the scrotum away from the beam, as described above.

courtesy-treatment on reproductive functions,Guidance on management

Report of a Working Party,November 2007.

World cancer report 2008

world cancer report published by IARC.

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Cancer treatment protocol

follow the link below to view the protocol

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Breast contouring

Guidelines for breast contouring from RTOG website.

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color ribbons

List of Ribbon color meanings

Ribbon	Color	Meanings
	Black ribbon	Anarchist Black Ribbon Campaign [64] Mourning and remembrance of the Virginia Tech massacre [65] Melanoma awareness[66]
	Blue and Black Ribbon	Support Law Enforcement
	Blue ribbon	"Global Chiari Malformation Awareness, Support, & Research" (turquoise blue with a grey zipper) [13] Tuberous Sclerosis awareness (blue) [14] Human trafficking and sex slavery awareness (navy blue) [15] "Bring Home Our Troops" campaign [16] Child abuse awareness [17] Prostate cancer awareness (sky blue) [18] Colon cancer awareness [19] Electronic Frontier Foundation's Online Free Speech [20] Canada's anti-tobacco, anti-second hand smoke [21][22][23] Spain's campaign for the release of Basque terrorists' kidnap victims [24] "Responsible use of public lands for the benefit of all recreationists" [25] International No Diet Day[26] Hydranencephaly awareness[27]
	Cloud ribbon	Congenital diaphragmatic hernia [12]
	Gold ribbon	Bone Cancer / Osteosarcoma [101], [102] Childhood cancer awareness [103]
	Gray ribbon	Mental illness awareness Diabetes awareness [61] Brain cancer awareness [62] Asthma awareness [62] Zombie awareness [63]
	Green ribbon	Gastroschisis Aging Research awareness [68] Lyme Disease [69] Organ transplantation and donation awareness [70] Kidney Cancer aka Renal Cell Carcinoma Awareness [71] Environmental protection [72] Mitochondrial disease awareness [73] 2009 Iranian Election Protests [74] Pedestrian Safety [75]
	Jade Ribbon	Jade Ribbon Campaign spreads information about hepatitis B and liver cancer in Asian and Pacific Islander (API)communities (and some times in America) [28]
	Orange Ribbon	Self-injury awareness [50] Energy awareness in Nigeria [51] Animal protection awareness [52] Leukemia Awareness Multiple Sclerosis awareness [53] Anti-racism (Harmony Day in Australia) [54] Symbol of the Ukrainian Orange Revolution of 2004 Kidney cancer survivorship and awareness [55] ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) [56] CPRS (Complex Regional Pain Syndrom) [57]
	Periwinkle ribbon	Esophageal cancer awareness [42] Pulmonary hypertension awareness [43] Eating disorder awareness [42] Stomach cancer awareness [42]
	Pink and blue ribbon	Pro-life [44] Genital integrity [45] Inflammatory breast cancer awareness [46] Infertility awareness [47] Infant loss awareness [48] Pregnancy loss awareness [49]
	Pink ribbon	Breast cancer awareness [67]
	Purple ribbon	Chiari Malformation raising awareness for a rare congenital disorder, which is most often ignored or misdiagnosed, all the while causing a wide variety of often debilitating symptoms for those who lives are affected by it. [29] Sarcoidosis [30] Lupus [31] Fibromyalgia [32] Show religious tolerance [33] Promoting remembrance and awareness of violence against women [34] Domestic violence awareness [35] Childhood stroke awareness [36] Cystic fibrosis awareness [37] Alzheimer's disease awareness [38] Pancreatic cancer awareness [39] Workers' Memorial Day[40] Epilepsy awareness (lavender) [41]
	Puzzle ribbon	Autism Awareness [11]
	Red and Black Ribbon	Atheist Solidarity [109]
	Red and Blue Ribbon	Haiti Recovery and Restoration Awareness Ribbon [106]
	Red ribbon	AIDS awareness [58] Substance abuse awareness (Red Ribbon Week is commonly held in American schools) [59] Vasculitis awareness[60]
	Ribbon of Saint George	Commemoration of World War II in Post-Soviet countries[107][108]
	Silver ribbon	Brain disorders [104] Ovarian cancer (Australia) [105]
	Teal / Turquoise ribbon	Polycystic Kidney Disease [76] Gynecological cancer including Uterine, Endometrial, Ovarian, Falopian, Cervical and Vulval Cancers [77] Ovarian cancer [78] Rape and Sexual assault [79] Myasthenia Gravis [80] Obsessive Compulsive Disorder [81] Panic Disorder [82] Tsunami Victims [83] Native American Reparations [84] Substance Abuse [85] Addiction Recovery [86] Tourette's Syndrome [87] Dissociative Identity Disorder [88] Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia [89] Anti-Bullying [90] Batten Disease [91] Agoraphobia [92] Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) [93] Ectodermal Dysphasia [94] Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) [95] Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) [96] Fragile X Syndrome [97] Food Allergies [98]
	Violet ribbon	Hodgkin's lymphoma [99] Testicular cancer (orchid/violet) [100]
	White ribbon	Adoption Awareness Multiple Hereditary Exostoses[1] Gender violence ("men working to end men's violence against women") [2]
	Yellow ribbon	Bone Cancer / Osteosarcoma [3], [4] Deployed soldiers ("support our troops") [5] Suicide awareness and prevention [6] Australian 2009 Victorian Bushfire Campaign* [7] Endometriosis awareness [8] Bladder Cancer [9] Anal cancer [10] Association of Young People With M.E

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